2. Materials and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p
Particularly, the fresh WBQ will bring: (A) research toward profile of your new member; (B) tape from use into time of the past month away from strong and you can fluid eating, water or products of a semi-quantitative dinner regularity questionnaire (FFQ) off 58 ingredients verified having quoting energy consumption together with additional glucose and you will honey that's put into drinks; and you may (C) estimation out-of physical exercise making use of their the new Internationally Physical working out Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and this info duration of exercise at around three craft profile (intense, average, lightweight exercise) or inactive conditions. The brand new IPAQ has been validated previously since a cross-national tool getting tape physical exercise [20,21,22] and to guess time cost.
The ability and you will liquids articles regarding submitted dinners and you can products is actually examined by using the Eating plan Studies Along with (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), which uses composition investigation in the USDA Federal Mineral Database and you may picked Greek ingredients (i.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, multiple Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . According to complete time intake and effort expenditure, times balance is examined as well.
Contained in this study, “drinks” means good fresh fruit juice otherwise packaged juices 100% in the place of sugar articles, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fresh fruit nectar which have sugar, carbonated drinks with glucose and energy/isotonic beverages), low-calorie carbonated drinks, teas and natural infusions, milk products (all kinds of whole milk, chocolate whole milk and you can cocoa drink), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee and java products, and liquor (beer, drink and all sorts of style of alcoholic beverages). “Take in time intake (DEI)” relates to times intake off drinks “overall time intake (TEI)” so you're able to time consumption off the source and “energy consumption away from food” so you're able to opportunity intake regarding strong and liquid delicacies (e.g., soups). The latest sum from products groups so you can total opportunity consumption (study out-of Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), presented since overall water intake (TWI), i.e., liquids out-of products, liquids, strong and you may liquid products so when drink intake of water (DWI), we.age., liquids out of drinks and you will liquids.
step three. Analytical Research
Results are demonstrated while the imply ± sd towards the usually delivered variables and you may median (P25–P75) towards skewed ones. Normality was tested with the opportunities–possibilities spot (P–P plot) and you may histograms. Differences between visitors about your total time consumption, times out-of beverages, time of edibles, opportunity expense, energy harmony, intake of water, h2o out of h2o and you can drinks, water regarding products, water out of h2o, liquid out-of ingredients, drinking water loss and you can liquid balance have been analyzed into independent attempt t-try for the typically delivered details and also the Mann-Whittney You-decide to try to the skewed of those. Similarly, differences between the brand new four quartiles of your time away from drinks was assessed to your go to website one to-way ANOVA F-shot into the generally speaking delivered variables plus the Kruskal-Wallis H Try toward skewed of these. Relevance top is lay at the 5%. Correlations amongst the share from drinks to help you intake of water into the relatives to time in winter season and you may june was looked at by Pearson's or Spearman's relationship coefficients getting typically delivered otherwise skewed details. Most of the mathematical analyses performed playing with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).